*ENGL 1010: Finding, Evaluating, and Citing Sources*

Sometimes the most difficult part of doing research is just getting started.  Trying to decide what to use can be overwhelming when faced with such a variety of sources and formats.  Here are some suggestions and tips for formulating an effective search strategy to get information for your paper or project.

 

Types of Sources

There are a variety of sources available to you.  There is not a definitive best type - it depends upon the purpose of your search and what information you need.  

• Books - Books generally take the longest time for publication and don't contain up-to-the-minute information.  They are good for looking at historical topics, topics that don't change rapidly, and analysis of topics.
• Periodicals - Periodicals are published faster than books, and are generally the go-to source for current research and more timely information. Academic journals are considered reliable and credible sources of information, while popular magazines require additional evaluation to determine suitability for your purpose.
• Internet Sites - Internet sites can be updated almost instantaneously, so they are often the best source for breaking news and current events.  Because anyone can create content on the Internet with no editorial control, you must be diligent in evaluating these sources for accuracy, credibility, bias, and purpose.

For example, if you are looking at current events, you probably won't want to start with books, as they take much longer to publish than articles or Internet sites, and therefore would likely be out of date.  However, if you start looking at the history of the context of the event, books might be a good place to look, as you will often find historical accounts and analyses in books.

For more about the different types of periodicals and how to evaluate sources, see the Evaluating Sources module that follows.

 

Identify Key Terms

KeyWords

Look at your working thesis statement, or the topic of your paper.  What are the major terms that you find?  These are the key terms, or keywords, that you should use to create your search.

 

Synonyms

When creating your search terms, remember that synonyms are words that mean the same thing.  It may be that the specific term (or terms) you have chosen has synonyms.  Make a list of synonyms for each of your keywords.  This will give you a variety of terms you can use in your search if your original words don't get the results you want or need.

 

Homonyms

Your key term(s) may have homonyms - words that are spelled the same that have a different meaning.  Consider the word bass.  Do you think of a fish, or a stringed instrument, or the low register in music?  If this is one of your search terms, you may have to use some special tricks to get the correct results.  

 

Phrases

Sometimes your keywords are made up of more than one word - they are a phrase.  If this is the case, you will need to enclose the words in quotation marks in order to search for the exact phrase.  Otherwise, a database will search for the words in any order, which oftentimes changes the meaning of the phrase.  For example, you would want to use "World War I" instead of World War I.  

 

Boolean Operators

So, what do you do when your search term has synonyms or is a homonym, or you get way too many unrelated results when you do your search?  You use Boolean Operators!

Don't let the term throw you off!  This method uses the words AND, OR, & NOT to help define your search.  When you do a search on Google, it ignores those words and looks for pages that have all, some, or one of your search terms.  That's why you can get so many results, with a large number of them having nothing to do with what you want.  However, when you use these words in a database search, it will narrow or widen your search. 

Let's take a look at what each one does.

Cecelia Vetter, Diagram Explaining Boolean Operators. CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

AND

It might seem like AND would give you more results.  But, it actually narrows your search down by looking for items that contain BOTH words, instead of just one.  This word is good to use when you get lots of results that aren't really related to what you want.  You will need to choose another term that will narrow the results down to your specific topic.

For example, if you want to find articles that discuss pet ownership of multiple types of animals at one time, you might want to use cats AND dogs for articles about people who have both. 

You can use AND to deal with homonyms by choosing a term that would specify your usage of the word.  For example, bass AND fishing  or bass AND orchestra will lead to significantly different results.

 

OR

OR is almost the opposite of AND.  OR gives you more results by looking for either of the terms entered.  Use OR when you want to include synonyms in your search. 

Following our example from AND, say you now want to find pet ownership articles, but you don't really care which type they have, just that they have either cats OR dogs.

 

NOT

NOT acts like AND by narrowing your results.  You can use it to exclude terms that you do not want.  

Using our pet example, you could search dogs NOT cats to get results that do not include cat owners.

You can use this to remove results for homonyms by using NOT with a term that would indicate the other usage of your term.  For example, bass NOT fish, which will provide results such as the orchestral instrument, or the low end of the vocal range.

 

Examples

Check out the following video for examples of using Boolean Operators.